OneToRemember :: Ebooks

Ebooks

We are able to offer a range of ebooks that will be delivered instantly via a download link following payment. The download link will be emailed to you as part of the order confirmation and will also be available by viewing your orders live on the site.

Some of our ebooks are FREE - they have a zero price. These are free to download

Products

10 Ft Axial Flux Wind Turbine
SKU: afwt/op/ebook/000/000

A "user's manual" for our 10 foot diameter wind turbines is now available for free online. It covers the basics of installing our home-built wind turbine design, including:

The parts and what they do

Building the rectifier and stop switch assembly

Controllers and dump loads System wiring

Towers

Assembling and balancing the rotor

Troubleshooting

You can purchase a printed version of this book by visiting this link>>


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100 to 5000 Watt Inverter Plan - ebook
SKU: ip/ebook/000/000

Well written and illustrated plans for inverters. Build any size inverter you want, from 100 watts to 5,000 watts. Several different designs - mechanical and electronic. 41 pages with illustrations and photographs. 


Our price: £0.25 ($0.40)
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12 wind generator/turbine plans DOWNLOAD
SKU: 12wgpD/000/350

We have great pleasure in offering this download that contains 12 plans for making various size wind generators. From small working models to larger designs up to 500 watts. Plus we have added our wind power guide to help with your projects. Also with the email you will be provided with a link to our community website where you can meet other wind generator builders.

 

We have listed below the 12 wind generator plans that the download contains. You will be able to access these through an index page that contains further information.

 

  • 500 Watt wind generator - jemmett engineering plan - all rights reserved
  • Large Savonius wind generator - jemmett engineering plan - all rights reserved
  • Two small Savonius wind generators - jemmett engineering plan - all rights reserved
  • Darrius wind generator wind generator - jemmett engineering plan - all rights reserved
  • Permanent magnet wind generator - believed to be public domain
  • How to build a wind generator - 1 - believed to be public domain
  • How to build a wind generator - 2 - believed to be public domain
  • Savonius plus alternator - believed to be public domain
  • VAWT plan - believed to be public domain
  • 100 Watt Wooden generator - believed to be public domain
  • Model wind turbine - Savonius  - believed to be public domain
  • Dragonfly wind generator - Dragonfly plan - all rights reserved. In Zip format.

 

Plus........

 

  • Wind energy guide - jemmett engineering plan - all rights reserved
  • Paper windmill plan - believed to be public domain
  • Wind energy fact sheet - - believed to be public domain
  • Garden windmill - - believed to be public domain

 

Here is an extract form our wind power guide to wet your appetite for energy generated from the wind…..

 

We have an ever-increasing thirst for energy. In the past fossil fuels - coal, oil, gas, wood and peat have in the main provided this energy. However, fossil fuels have two major problems, escalating costs and pollution. Alternatives to fossil fuels have been sought in two areas nuclear energy and renewable energy. The problems associated with nuclear energy are now well known and both economic and safety aspects may prevent the further expansion of nuclear power in most counties.

 

There are many renewable forms of energy including, solar, wind, water and biomass. This document explores all four but focuses on small-scale wind power.

 

Wind energy can be described as second hand solar energy or stored solar energy. This is because wind is made from the energy falling on the earth from the sun. Some of the sun's energy in the form of solar radiation is absorbed by the earth's atmosphere and the air is heated up. Hot air is less dense than cold air and is consequently lighter. It has a lower pressure than cold air, which means that as the air is heated cold air is drawn in. This heating is uneven leading to the air circulating around the earth producing vast movements of energy. The energy can be harnessed by large wind turbines and equally by small units supplying electricity to single houses, farms, workshops, boats, caravans, etc.

 

Small wind chargers with rotor sizes of less than 3 metres are available from several manufacturers as are plans for DIY units. Typical applications for the electrical energy generated by wind power include:

 

1. Charging batteries for low energy devices like lighting, radio, hi-fi, TV, etc.

2. Supplying power to remote locations such as caravans, boats and yachts, out houses and workshops.

3. Maintaining electricity for animal fencing, fish farming, irrigation, chicken layers, meteorological recording stations, radio repeater units and many more.

 

Generating your own power from the wind, however small that amount is, can be very satisfying and in addition help solve the problem of supplying power to remote locations without pollution.

 


 

Notice

Please note: Whilst some of these plans are public domain others are owned by energybook, OnetoRemember and jemmett engineering. The plans are therefore not available to resell or distribute without permission.  This download is in the form of a Zip file for download. It includes a menu system and an index for ease of use.


Our price: £4.98 ($7.97)
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195 Windmill, wind generator and wind turbine and related patents on CD
SKU: 195wt/ebook/000/100


This CD is loaded with information related to windmills and their various components, with hundreds of images plus descriptions of how and from what materials wind mills are constructed and of the functional attributes of their various components and designs.

Sample Titles of Patented Inventions on this CD
Adjustable windmill
Aeolian windmill
Aerodynamic brake on a wind rotor for a windmill
Airship-windmill
Anti-moment gyro for windmill
Apparatus for windmill starts in gas turbine engines
Armature lift windmill
Balanced, high output, rapid rotation wind turbine (Weathervane multi-rotor windmill)
Bird and flower windmill
Blade for windmill
Blade structure for use in a windmill
Cable suspended windmill
Cable wind mill
Chrysanthemum plant named--Illini Windmill
Collapsible vertical wind mill
Combined toy bat and windmill
Compound coaxial windmill
Control mechanism for a windmill
Control system for a vertical axis windmill
Controllable camber windmill blades
Decorative windmill
Devaporizer-windmill system and apparatus
Divisible cabin for a windmill
Drive for a windmill
Driving vane assembly for a windmill
Elliptical propeller and windmill blade assembly
Energy conversion system using windmill
Horizontal axis windmill
Horizontal multidirectional turbine windmill
Horizontal windmill
Horizontal windmill with folding blades
Magnetically levitated windmill
Method and apparatus for controlling windmill blade pitch
Method and apparatus for windmill starts in gas turbine engines
Method for setting pitch on a windmill airfoil
Mill, particularly windmill
Modular windmill installation
Multaxel windmill
Multi-blade rotor for a windmill-type apparatus
Multivane windmill
Multi-wheel windmill electro-generator
Novelty windmill
Offset-axis windmill having inclined power shaft
Panemone windmill
Polygonal windmill
Power potentiating windmill
Propeller or a set of wings for a wind mill
Propeller type windmill for power generation
Push-pull windmill head having double beam pumping jack
Reciprocating windmill pumping system
Rotor construction for windmill
Sail powered windmill
Sail-type windmill wheel
Self-fairing windmill vane
Self-protecting/ornamental windmill
Self-regulating vertical axis windmill
Self-regulating windmill
Self-restored windmill
Self-starting windmill energy conversion system
Severe climate windmill
Sonic windmill for bicycles
Speed control system for a windmill
Speed governing hub for windmill
Support means for a windmill
Support spoke for a windmill
Tetrahedral windmill
Toy windmill
Toy windmill and noise maker
Toy windmill arm or similar article
Toy windmill with convenient assembly features
Transmission configuration for crystal ball having shape of wind mill
Trick windmill novelty
United sail windmill
Vacuum switch including windmill-shaped electrodes
Vacuum switch tube including windmill electrodes
Variable pitch mounting for airfoil blades of a windmill or propeller
Vertical axis wind mill with retractable sails
Vertical axis windmill
Vertical axis windmill with multistage feathering of blades and safety storm control
Vertical axle windmill
Vertical shaft windmill
Vertical windmill
Vertical windmill with omnidirectional diffusion
Vertical-axis wind mill supported by a fluid
Vertical-axis windmill
Vertical-axis windmill of the Chinese type
Vortex-augmented cooling tower-windmill combination
Water pumping push-pull windmill
Wind mill wing with air brake
Wind mill with a suspension for cables and the like, such suspension for cables and the like and a holder for such suspension
Windmill
Windmill accelerator
Windmill and method to use same to generate electricity, pumped air or rotational shaft energy
Windmill and windmill control method
Windmill apparatus
Windmill aromatic container
Windmill blade
Windmill blade and processes related thereto
Windmill blade stalling and speed control device
Windmill blade with booster members
Windmill construction
Windmill device
Windmill driven eddy current heater
Windmill energy system
Windmill engine starting system with fluid driven motor and pump
Windmill for scaring birds
Windmill generator
Windmill generator apparatus
Windmill having blades which alter their pitch angles automatically in response to both wind speed and load
Windmill having centrifically feathered rotors to control rotor speed
Windmill having counterbalancing mechanism
Windmill having thermal and electric power output
Windmill head
Windmill hub
Windmill in combination with a torch support
Windmill mechanism
Windmill model
Windmill operated system
Windmill ornament or the like
Windmill pitching machine
Windmill plant for generating energy
Windmill power apparatus and method
Windmill power generator
Windmill power system
Windmill powerplant
Windmill pump drive system
Windmill rotor
Windmill rotor and blades
Windmill rotor and wind blades therefor
Windmill speed limiting system utilizing hysteresis
Windmill structure
Windmill structure and power generator
Windmill structures and systems
Windmill support structure
Windmill tower
Windmill tower shadow eliminator
Windmill wheel
Windmill with annular flywheel
Windmill with automatic feathering control and storm protection
Windmill with controller for controlling rotor RPM
Windmill with cyclically feathering blades
Windmill with direction-controlled feathering
Windmill with radial vanes
Windmill with removable wind vane plates arranged in multi-rows-and-lines
Windmill with shroud adjusting means
Windmill yaw and speed controls
Windmill-shaped electrode for vacuum circuit interrupter
Wingtip windmill and method of use
Yawing system for a wind mill


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200 Watt Savonius Type Wind Generator ebook plan
SKU: twswtp/ebook/0/0

The Savonius vertical axis windmill although less efficient than a conventional design does not require to be headed into the wind . This manual gives basic details of how to construct wind generator using oil drums and a car alternator or dynamo which will give up to 200 watts battery charging. The plan includes details of gearing that can be used, together with regulatedand unregulated versions using dynamos and alternators.

The plan will be delivered in pdf format. The plan has a total of 28 pages and includes website links to wind associations, and other interesting websites. 


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22 Wind turbine/generator plans DOWNLOAD
SKU: 22WTPD/000/100

This download contains 22 wind generator plans in pdf format. If you want to build your own wind turbine then this download provides invaluable information and ideas as well as complete plans for large and small windmills. We offer a full refund policy if you are not delighted with product


Our price: £1.98 ($3.17)
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3-Cubic Metre Biogas Plant a Construction Manual - ebook
SKU: 3cmbcm/ebook/000/000

Very interesting paper on making a family scale BIO gas plant that produces methane from manure. Lots of detail on the design, construction and operation.

40 page ebook in PDF. Line drawings with lots of detail.


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5 Watt Savonius wind generator plan - ebook
SKU: 5wswg/ebook/000/000

This ebook that will be delivered a download in pdf format. It contains two plans on building small 5 Watt 12v DC Savonius - vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT).


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500 Watt wind generator plans - ebook
SKU: fwwgp/ebook/0/0

This pdf ebook plan will be delivered via and an instant download - it is approximatley 1mb in size. The plan has details on all of the major components of a wind generator.


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5cwt Engine Hoist
SKU: 5eh/ebook/000/000
A small but useful hydraulic crane can be built using a suitable hydraulic jack. The
crane is able to fold for storage and can be constructed for a fraction of the
cost of a ready built engine crane. Construction requires welding

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600 Chili recipes - ebook - free
SKU: 600cr/ebook/000/000
600 recipes for making chili. Ebook in pdf format. yum yum

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8 foot stem dingy plan - ebook
SKU: boat/ebook/dandy/0
18 page plan with detailed instructions to build an 8 foot wooden craft that can ve sailed, rowed or fitted with an outboard motor. Full parts list and tool list.

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A Chines Biogas Manual
SKU: acbm/ebook/000/000

Since the 1950s China has experimented with the production of biogas from agricultural wastes, a practice based upon an age-old Chinese tradition of composting human, animal and plant wastes to produce an organic fertilizer of high quality. The breakthrough came in 1975 when a process was developed to ferment the materials in an airtight and watertight container in order to produce methane gas. This was then collected for use as fuel for motors, cooking and lighting.

This plan is a translation of a Chinese manual. With 136 pages and numerouse diagrams it provides an excellent resource for the construction of digesters and the utilisation of the gas broduced.


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A Do-It-Yourself Guide To Energy Star Home Sealing - ebook
SKU: adiygtes/ebook/000/000

This is a very well done guide to sealing up air leaks in your home. Lots of good how-to pictures. A couple small add-ons I would make: - Replacing older can lights so that you can insulate right over them is a fairly easy DIY job -- it has the advantages of both reducing heat loss to the attic and getting some heat gain from the can light to the room. - The method they give for determining if you have enough insulation is goofy. Instead, use the Insulation Upgrade Calculator or one of the online insulation guides to determine if your insulation is sufficient for your climate.


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A guide to small-scale wood fuel heating systems
SKU: sswfhs/ebook/000/00

This guide has been written by the Wood Fuel South West Advice Service; a project funded by Woodland Renaissance, Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty in the South West (AONBs) and the Forestry Commission. It is for people interested in finding out more about biomass boiler systems.

As a priority, before considering the installation of a biomass heating system, you should investigate the potential for energy efficiency measures. These will help to lower heating demands and result in the installation of a smaller and cheaper biomass system requiring less fuel.


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A Heat Transfer Textbook
SKU: HTT/EBOOK/0/0

High Quality illustrated textbook. This book is meant for students in their introductory heat transfer course —students who have learned calculus (through ordinary differential equations) and basic thermodynamics. It includes the needed background in fluid mechanics, although students will be better off if they have had an introductory course in fluids.


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Activated Carbon
SKU: ac/ebookk/000/000
Activated Carbon is a small guide book with vital and detailed information describing the use of carbon and answers to why only activated carbon can be used to achieve results. The process of purifying alcohol using activated carbon is also explained.

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Add up your car costs - pdf document
SKU: auycc/ebook/000

Smart Moves & Semlyen A. Add Up Your Car Costs. Calculation guide. Energy Efficiency Best Practice Programme leaflet 1999. This is a free leaflet.


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Alternator secrets - ebook
SKU: as/ebook/0/0

In the last two decades alternators have replaced generators in motor vehicles. The reasons are many: output current can be produced at lower rpm, voltage can be more accurately' controlled with solid state regulators, alternators need less maintenance, and they cost less to manufacture.

When modified, auto alternators can provide variable direct current at 0 to 120 volts for battery charging, hot charging, light arc welding, or for running AC-DC appliances and lights. Another simple modification provides AC power to run some transformer-operated appliances. If you know the secrets of its operation and the modifications possible, the small low-cost alternator can become a versatile power plant.

Surprisingly, alternators are constructed with three sets of field windings positioned evenly at 120 degree intervals inside the frame. Such construction produces three-phase AC.


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Anatomy of a wind turbine
SKU: awt/ebook/ooo/ooo

A fascination for wind energy has driven both of us to build, buy, install, and maintain our own machines for the last three decades. Chances are that the first wind-energy users were driven by the same maniacal glee that we experience when we grab energy out of thin air. The design of home-scale wind-electric generators has been through many permutations and variations, with lots of circles and dead ends


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Arched Greenhouse plans
SKU: aghp/ebook/000/000

Arched green house plan made from PVC pipe


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Assessment of Waterpower Potential and Development Needs
SKU: awpdn/ebook/000

Hydropower offers expanding opportunities to increase generation based on renewable, domestic, carbon-free technologies. This report presents a review of the possible contribution of waterpower technologies in the near-term (by 2010) and long-term (by 2025) to the U.S. renewable energy supply. Segments of the waterpower industry include conventional hydroelectric plants and emerging technologies that access the energy in river and tidal currents (hydrokinetic) as well as in ocean waves. The report documents how each segment of waterpower technology can contribute to increased production, discusses research questions that need to be answered to achieve the desired results, and reviews targeted economic incentives that can spur waterpower production.


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Avacado Growing - free ebook
SKU: ag/ebook/000/000

Taken from the Introduction: The Avocado ( Persea Americana Miller) is an evergreen tree of the family Lauraceae with seedling plants reaching 67ft (20m) in height with small large, single seeded fruits having yellow to yellowish green butter-like flesh. Mature fruit vary in colour and may be green, yellow, purple or red.


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Axial Flux Windmill Plan 2002
SKU: afwp/ebook/000/000

33 page plan for an axial flux windmill by Hugh Piggott. Excellent diagrams and description.


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Back-up generator plan - 12 volt, ebook
SKU: bug/ebook/000/000

This small, easy to build, engine/alternator is the answer to a burning renewable energy question. What do we do when the sun doesn’t shine, the wind doesn’t blow, and the water dries up? This generator is a backup power source for times when our renewable energy sources don’t meet our demands. It is optimised to do only one thing — properly recharge batteries on demand.

This five page plan is quite detailed and contains pictures.


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Background information to the intallers guide to the installation of small scale PV
SKU: biigspv/ebook/0000
BRE, EA Technology, Halcrows, and Sundog were commissioned by Future Energy Solutions (then ETSU) on behalf of the DTI to produce an installers guide for the installation of small scale PV. The aims of the guide are to:

- Investigate the key issues, especially including safety, associated with the installation of building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV).

- Describe design and installation solutions that are acceptable to the building services industry and the relevant regulatory authorities.

- Translate these solutions into practical and authoritative installation guidelines with a particular emphasis on the domestic BIPV sector.

This document contains some of the background information which was used by the writers to produce the guide, named “Photovoltaics in Buildings: Guide to the installation of PV systems” (DTI/Pub URN 02/788). The guide itself contains the considered recommendations of the group after consultation with people in the industry. As such it constitutes the definitive material, not this report. Sometimes the information in this report is not conclusive and may at times present apparently conflicting pieces of information. Nevertheless decisions had to be made in the course of producing the guide which are sometimes based on caution or lack of substantiated background material. This report should be read in conjunction with the guide itself and may present the reader with some useful background information, but will not always be sufficient to fully explain the decisions in the guide. The guide was produced with the assistance of a Steering Committee to review progress from time to time. They consisted of the: ECA - The Electrical Contractor Association, who wish to see clear guidance targeted at their members for their own interest. HSE- The Health and Safety Executive had valuable input to the guide, as well as approving the health and safety aspects. NHBC- The National House Building Council, who publish codes of practice for the building trades and have a strong interest in technical standards from an insurance point of view. PV-UK – The British Photovoltaic Association, who has an obvious interest and have stated there is a need for such a guide. The guide concentrates on the electrical aspects of the installation, as the guide is for installers rather than designers, and it was assumed that the installer is more likely to be an electrician than from any other trade. There was to have been a section on the construction aspects but, because of the huge range of possible mounting methods, only one of which would be relevant for any particular installation, the section had to be either very large or had be pared down to a simple list. In the end it was decided to leave these things to the designer, but make the installer aware of them in the checklist. Generally suppliers can provide comprehensive installation advice as it relates to their particular product.

Some of the source documents, particularly Engineering recommendation G77 and part 712 of IEC60364, are in draft form. Where this is the case, the version at February 2002 should be considered as the version under discussion.


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Barack Obama - NEW ENERGY FOR AMERICA
SKU: nefa/ebook/000

Barack Obama's new energy for America document. A comprehensive energy plan.


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Basic guide to wind power
SKU: bgtwp/ebook/000

In this application note, wind turbine technology is presented as a serious alternative for achieving sustainable energy policy objectives. Several European countries have impressive plans for the coming years for installing large amounts of wind power generation. Some governments support these actions by providing tax or investment incentives. The northwest of Europe with its coastal windy waters and fine-meshed but strong electric grid give promising opportunities for investing companies and wind farm developers.


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Basic Principles of Passive Solar Design
SKU: bppsd/ebook/000

This is a 37 page document that introduces the principles of passive solar design. With line illustrations.


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Batteries - simple guide to batteries - free ebook
SKU: bsg/ebook/000/00

As many small-scale methods of electricity generation are available only intermittently, some form of electricity storage or battery is needed if people want to have electricity available at all times.

There are a wide range of batteries available, and the aim of this Technical Brief is to give an introduction to the advantages and disadvantages of the different types of batteries. The central point is that there is no such thing as a universal battery; a single type of battery cannot cover all applications.


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Bee Hive Construction plans and ideas - ebook
SKU: bhcp/ebook/000/000

This ebook contains five plans to help you build a bee hive. Available through instant download.


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Beekeeping - free ebook
SKU: bk/ebook/000
Six page ebook looking at honey, hives, extraction, etc.

Honey has a long and distinguished history in the human diet. For thousands of years honey hunters have plundered the hives of wild bees for their precious honey and beeswax - a practice still common today.

The most widely used honeybees are the European Apis mellifera, which have now been introduced worldwide. Tropical Africa has a native Apis mellifera, which is slightly smaller than the European Apis mellifera, and is more likely to fly off the comb and to sting. They are also more likely to abandon their hives if disturbed, and in some areas the colonies migrate seasonally.

In Asia there are three main native tropical species, Apis cerana, Apis dorsata, and Apis florea; cerana is the only species that can be managed in hives, but the single combs of the other two are collected by honey hunters.


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Beekeeping factsheet - free ebook
SKU: lili/bk/000
The art and craft of keeping the honey bee Apis mellifera. Honey bees are highly social insects, living in extremely well-organised groups; each member has a specific job to do, and no bee can survive without the colony. Beekeepers provide hives for colonies of bees to live in. A hive will have one queen who lays eggs in the brood chambers. The drones’ sole purpose in life is to fertilise the queen, and the rest are workers, who make the cells of the combs, clean them, fill them with pollen and honey, feed and tend to the young bee larvae, guard the hive and forage for nectar and pollen. The skill of the beekeeper is to maintain the colony at maximum strength while they are producing honey, and to prevent them from becoming overcrowded and swarming. Bees only need to be tended in spring and summer; from late autumn and throughout the winter they remain in a state of semi-hibernation. The beekeeper takes the surplus honey and in a good season a single hive can produce up to 80kg - plenty for a large family, with a surplus for local sale or barter. Bees are an excellent enterprise in an urban area, if you have a small garden, or even a rooftop space to site a hive. The bees will thrive on the abundant flowers in gardens and their flight path will be well above human heads.

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Belt Bucket Elevator Design, Use and Care - ebook
SKU: FEED/bed/70

This second edition of the very popular and rare title 'Belt and Bucket Elevator Design' consists of even more details to use in the industrial design engineering, fabrication and care of belt and bucket elevators. Critical information and engineering decision detail has been added on bearing selection, shaft seal, belt tension, dust extraction, hazardous applications, drive selection and more on proper use and care for operators and maintainers. The first edition covered a good amount of design engineering detail and calculation. It ended with additional operating and maintenance information to provide a more complete understanding of the use of belt bucket elevators used for bulk material handling equipment. This second edition adds more detail and information on many of the numerous other industrial design engineering decisions to be made when building and maintaining belt bucket elevators. The format of this edition remains unchanged. The bucket elevator design information is presented first followed by important information on the other factors that influence its successful industrial design, use and care. The author gives valuable knowledge about his experiences with bucket elevators. Bucket elevators lift bulk materials from one level to another and function well when designed properly for the duty, and are used as designed. Since bucket elevators are used on powders, granules, grain, chip shaped products, lumpy materials and hazardous material handling, problems can occur. Mike notes possible remedies in his white paper.


Our price: £10.50 ($16.80)
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Biodiesel Fuel Guide - ebook
SKU: agua/bfg/7030

You are buying a HUGE GUIDE packed with 5 DIFFERENT Easy to Read methods in creating & running your vehicle on BIODIESEL for less then $0.50 per gal, set in an Easy to Read Beginners level format (process made simple). (The resources, tips & tricks I provide were tested myself here here on the Ranch.), So that EVERYONE, ANYONE, EVERYWHERE can enjoy the benefits of Cheaper, Healthier, Cleaner & more Efficient Fuel.

How it Works?
- The methods are simple making the process possible for anyone everyone ANYWHERE.
- Household products are added into a container. Used or new vegetable oil (or other oil type) are added & gently stirred. The mix is left to settle. The end result is BIODIESEL, a cleaner, cheaper combustible fuel that is actually better for your engine.
- Poor into your tank & head out. No additional modifications are required. Your engine will burn Biodiesel as it would regular fuel, just without the ozone-destroying exhaust.
be compromised; in fact you may see an increase in not HP & mileage. Because Biodiesel actually burns cleaner, while lubricating the pistons creating a smoother running engine, it’s typical to experience better M.P.G & more Power.

Typical tools, hardware & supplies are used, making access to parts available for all. Project lengths range from 1 day to 1 week. Costs per Gallon average $0.50 in parts. (not to mention the savings from no more Fuel bills.)


Our price: £5.99 ($9.58)
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Biofuels, Solar and Wind as Renewable Energy
SKU: bswr/ebook/000

With shortages of fossil energy, especially oil and natural gas, and heavy biomass energy use occurring in both developed and developing countries, a major focus has developed worldwide on renewable energy systems. Renewable energy systems include wind power, biomass, photovoltaics, hydropower, solar thermal, thermal ponds, and biogas. Currently, a heavy focus is on biofuels made from crops, such as corn, sugarcane, and soybeans, for use as renewable energy sources. Wood and crop residues also are being used as fuel. Though it may seem beneficial to use renewable plant materials for biofuel, the use of crop residues and other biomass for biofuels raises many concerns about major environmental problems, including food shortages and serious destruction of vital soil resources. All renewable energy systems need to be investigated because humankind has only about 40 years of oil and gas reserves remaining. There is a 50 to 100 year supply of coal resources in the ground, but coal will become increasingly difficult to extract and will greatly increase the global warming threat. Serious energy conservation and research on viable renewable energy technologies are needed. This book considers the effectiveness and economics of several renewable energy technologies of current interest, including biofuels, solar and wind


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biogas factsheet - ebook
SKU: lili/b/ebook/000/000
Biogas is mostly methane (around 60%) with carbon dioxide (around 40%) and a little hydrogen and hydrogen sulphide. It is made by anaerobic bacteria breaking down organic matter in the absence of oxygen (when the organic matter is waterlogged – i.e. a slurry). Biogas is generated naturally in the mud at the bottom of marshes; it is called marsh gas, and often ignites. The process also occurs in landfill sites, and in the digestive system of humans and other animals (yes, farts are biogas). But we can make it ourselves from plant and animal wastes, and even human waste; soft material is better than twigs / woody material. It can be burnt to drive a generator, or on a smaller scale, for cooking or lighting gas lamps. Also, biogas engines have been developed for transport. The equipment in which the organic matter breaks down anaerobically is called a digester, and there is also some sort of storage container for the gas produced. Raw biogas can be 'scrubbed' by passing it through slaked lime, which removes most of the CO2 and increases its calorific value.

The two main types of digesters are the continuous and the batch. Continuous digesters have a constant throughput of material, and batch digesters extract the gas from a contained batch of material, which is then emptied and a new batch added. Biogas digesters are already widely used in developing countries, especially India and China, as firewood for cooking becomes scarce. By the end of the nineties, there were millions of small family plants in India and China. In the West, digesters tend to be larger-scale, taking animal slurries and human sewage. But they can be domestic-scale, for individuals looking to reduce their dependency on fossil fuels.

what are the benefits?

reduces CO2 emissions: because it is a substitute for natural gas. Because CO2 from biogas is from recently-alive plant matter (even if it was fed to animals), it is part of a cycle – i.e. CO2 given off by burning biogas is absorbed by plants that will provide future biogas. reduces methane emissions: animal manures release methane into the atmosphere – about 10% of methane emissions in the US come from animals, according to one survey. When methane is burnt it releases CO2, but methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2, so it is a good idea to burn it rather than release it. However, it's better for organic waste to be separated and put into an anaerobic digester instead of collecting methane from landfill sites; and it would save more energy if all organic waste, including paper, was recycled instead of landfilled – plus it would prevent leaching of contaminants into groundwater and soil.

reduces resource use: biogas doesn't need millions of miles of pipes to deliver it, and doesn't need to be liquefied and shipped across the world, with all the resources and energy that these things entail. Plus it saves trees (for firewood). Natural gas is finite, so won't last forever – and there will probably be wars for it as it runs out. creates two renewable resources: sewage sludge and animal slurries usually end up as fertiliser anyway – so it's better to obtain fuel from it first, and prevent runoff and methane emissions at the same time – and you still get fertiliser at the end of the process. It's the missing link for those wanting to switch from fossil fuels – many people heat their homes with wood and their water with solar, and get their electricity from wind and solar – but cooking is a problem; it's too expensive with electricity, and agas are expensive, take a long time to fire up, will make your space too hot in the summer. Gas is best, and now it can be done without gas bills. nb: as with other biofuels, we think that the feedstock (raw materials) should be waste material. We don't think it's a good idea to set aside large areas of land for growing fuels when much of the world doesn't have enough food (although the waste from food crops is fine). See Biofuel Watch. Also, large-scale digesters need to be fed by large operations like factory farms or sewage plants. These bring their own problems, such as hormones, treatment of animals, and energy-intensive transport and chemicals. We think that the best solution is usually the smallest scale possible – in this case the domestic scale.

what can I do

setting up: batch digesters based on some kind of drum / container such as the one in the top photo are feasible on the domestic scale. Continuous digesters are popular in Asia (right) - an inlet and outlet pit with a concrete or steel gas container. You can build your own – see links page or come on a LILI course. sizing: in India, for a family of 8 with a few animals (say 8-10 cows), a 10m³ digester is recommended, with 2 m³ gas storage. But a typical small family digester will be around one cubic metre. For cooking and lighting, you don't need much; every kg of biodegradable material will yield around 0.4 m³ (400l) of gas, and gas lights need around 100l per hour. 2 gas rings for a couple of hours a day will use between 1-2 m³, so if you have some livestock, plus kitchen and human waste, you can do this easily. When it comes to driving any kind of engine (e.g. a generator or a pump) it's a different matter, and is way beyond the domestic-scale. How long you leave the material in a batch digester depends on temperature (2 weeks at 50°C up to 2 months at 15°C). The average is around 1 month, so gauge how much material you will add each day, and multiply it by 30 to calculate the size of the digester. using: the waste input must be a slurry – so add water if it's too solid. Try and keep the temperature over 30°C if possible; it generates a little heat, but in colder countries the digester will need insulation and even a little extra heat in the winter (which could be provided by some of the biogas). A greenhouse is a good place for it. safety: methane is explosive – see Adelaide University's website for safety considerations.


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Biogas in India
SKU: bii/ebook/000/000

This guide is 142 pages and well illustrated with diagrams and tables.

From the preface

An important common theme underlies much of the current literature on the application of technology within both developed and developing nations. Any technology has a complex series of impacts on the environment in which that technology operates. The concern over a technology's "appropriateness" is based on the need to determine clearly who will be affected by use of the technology and in what ways* Behind the concept of "appropriate technology" is the belief that the complex interactions between a technology and its environment should be made "visible." Only then can a technology be evaluated properly. By describing explicitly the impact of a technology, the selection criteria for the technology also become explicit. If we choose a technology that pollutes a river, but which also provides permanent jobs for 10,000 workers, we presumably either value employment benefits over environmental costs or else were ignorant of the pollution effects at the time we made the decision.

The choice of a technology is "appropriate" or "inappropriate" only in the context of the demands we place upon it. The subtle trade-offs between these often conflicting demands are at the real core of any debate over the choice of a technology. Appropriate technology is less a problem of hardware than of appropriate data collection, decision-making, financing, installation, and use-- with all the problems of sorting out competing demands and value judgements in each of these tasks. This study is an assessment of the "appropriateness" of biogas technology in meeting some of the needs of India's rural population. Such an assessment is quite complicated, despite claims that a biogas system is a simple village-level technology. While there is evidence that biogas systems have great promise, they are subject to certain constraints. It is impossible to describe here all the factors that one might study to assess any technology. I only hope that the approach used in this study will help others.

One difficulty in studying biogas technology is the fragmented and often anecdotal nature of the research and development work. In order to provide this snapshot of the state-of-the-art in India, I have had to enlist the aid of a bewildering number of government officials, industrialists, university researchers, missionaries, social workers, journalists, voluntary groups I farmers, merchants, and villagers.


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Biogas Methane Explained & Other Articles
SKU: bmeoa/ebook/000/000

In these articles the author has endeavoured to explain why biogas is green and renewable when used as an energy source, and how it is produced by the anaerobic digestion (AD) process. A number of methods of producing methane biogas using AD are also discussed, so that the reader will understand exactly what biogas methane is and the implications for our planet of its creation and use.


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Blacksmith's Manual - ebook
SKU: bm/ebook/000/000
Reprint of 1930 book, complete text on 220 pages with illustrations.

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