Solar PVs
Photovoltaic cells (PVs) are a very different technology from solar water heating, and use light to generate electricity. They are particularly well suited to sites where a grid connection would be difficult or expensive or that are only used in the summer. For an independent power supply, solar works well with wind as there is a good balance of both over the year. Solar electricity, like electricity from other renewable energy sources, doesn't produce carbon dioxide or harm the environment.
Although start-up costs are higher than other renewable technologies, PVs have key advantages:
· there are no moving parts to fix so they are relatively easy to install and maintain
· they can be sited in urban areas and are not restricted in the way that wind and hydro-power systems are
· they can replace other roofing materials, for example tiles. The cells are embedded in a flat, waterproof material to form 'modules', which make ideal cladding material for walls and roofs
· they need not take up any additional land space.
It is hoped that efficiency gains will make PVs a very attractive proposition in the next two decades.
Solar panels that produce electricity are expensive to buy and produce only relatively small amounts of electricity. They need to be sited in a good position and may take up a lot of valuable space. However they do have the advantage of producing pollution free energy and the output is greater in the summer, which is often when the wind is not so strong.
Photovoltaic systems use cells to convert solar radiation into electricity. The PV cell consists of one or two layers of a semi conducting material, usually silicon. When light shines on the cell it creates an electric field across the layers, causing electricity to flow. The greater the intensity of the light the greater the flow of electricity.
PV systems generate no climate changing gases, saving approximately 325kg of carbon dioxide per year for each kW peak installed (Kilowatt (kW) peak - PV cells are referred to in terms of the amount of energy they generate in full sun light). PV arrays now come in a variety of shapes and colours, ranging from grey 'solar tiles' that look like roof tiles, to panels and transparent cells that you can use on conservatories and glass to provide shading as well as generating electricity. As well as enabling you to generate free electricity they can provide an interesting alternative to conventional roof tiles!
You can use PV systems for a building with a roof or wall that faces within 90 degrees of south, as long as no other buildings or large trees overshadow it. If the roof surface is in shadow for parts of the day, the output of the system decreases. Another consideration is that the roof also be strong enough to hold the significant weight of the panels, especially if the panel is going to be placed on top of existing tiles. A trained and experienced installer should always carry out solar PV installations.
Prices for PV systems vary, depending on the size of the system to be installed, type of PV cell used and the nature of the actual building on which the PV is mounted. The size of the system is dictated by the amount of electricity required to be supplied.
For the average domestic system, costs can be around £4,000- £9,000 per kwp installed with most domestic systems usually between 1.5 and 2 kwp. Solar tiles cost more than conventional panels and panels that are integrated into a roof are more expensive than those that sit on top. If you intend to have major roof repairs carried out it may be worth exploring PV tiles as they can offset the cost of roof tiles.
Grid connected systems require very little maintenance, generally limited to ensuring that the panels are kept relatively clean and that shade from trees has not become a problem. The wiring and components of the system should however be checked regularly by a qualified technician.
Some local authorities in the UK for example require planning permission to allow you to fit a PV system, especially in conservation areas or on listed buildings. Always check with your local authority about planning issues before you have a system installed. Obtaining retrospective planning permission can be difficult and costly!p>
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